英语语法第8章:动词-时态和语态

　　一、动词的分类和形式：

　　动词是表示动作和状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气3种形式的变化。

　　1、动词按其能否独立作谓语而分为："谓语动词"和"非谓语动词"两种

　　2、动词的4种基本形式：动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。

　　3、动词按其构成动词词组作用分为：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。1）实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。还可分为持续性动词和瞬间动词；2）连系动词有两种：一种表特征或状态，另一种表状态变化过程。

　　4、五种不同的短语动词：1）"动词+介词"；2）"动词+副词"；3）"动词+副词+介词"；4）"动词+名词（或代词）+介词"；5）"be+形容词（包括相当于形容词的过去分词+介词"。

　　二、动词的时态：

　　1、一般现在时的用法：1）表示现在的习惯，经常发生的动作或存在的状态。2）表示主语的特征、性格和能力。3）表示客观事实或真理。4）表示按照计划安排好的将来行为。（只限于是go,come, leave, start, stop, be等开始或移动意义的词。）

　　2、一般过去时的用法：1）表示过去的动作或状态。2）叙述过去连续发生的事情。3）表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作。

　　3、一般将来时的用法：1）表示将来的动作或状态。2）表示将来的经常动作。

　　4、现在进行时的用法：1）表示说话时正在进行的动作。2）表示现阶段正在进行的动作。（说话时动作不一定进行。）

　　5、过去进行进的用法：1）过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。2）表示移动的动词：come, start, stay, leave, go等词的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。3）was going to do可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作。

　　6、现在完成时的用法：1）表示刚刚完成的动作，常与just连用。2）表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来。常与since, for连用，但for, since不能与终止性的动词连用。3）表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

　　7、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时与现在有联系，它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作，与现在没什么联系。2）现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为；一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作。

　　8、过去完成的用法：1）表示在过去某一或动作之前已经完成的动作。常与by, before等介词短语或一个状语从句或上下文暗示。2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for（有时可省去）或since 构成的短语或since引导的从句连用。

　　9、过去将来时的用法：表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

　　练习一：动词时态与语态（1）

　　1. When I saw Mary, she ______ on the piano.

　　A. is playingB. playsC. was playing D. played

　　2. She ______ the door before she goes away.

　　A. had lockedB. is locking C. has locked. D. was locking.

　　3. A hunter is a man who ______ animals.

　　A. catch B. catches C. will catch D. was catching

　　4. What _____ if I drink this?

　　A. happens B. is happening C. will happen D. is happened

　　5. I will visit you if Father ______ me.

　　A. let B. lets C. is letting D. will let

　　6. Look out! That tree _____ fall down.

　　A. is going to B. will be C. shall D. would

　　7. My uncle _____ to see me. He'll be here soon.

　　A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. came

　　8. They can't leave until they _____ their work.

　　A. did B. are doing C. have done D. has done

　　9. "Has he seen this film?"" Yes. He ______ it several days ago. "

　　A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. was seeing

　　10. Now Mike isn't here. He ______ Mr Green's. Perhaps he ______ back in a few minutes.

　　A. went to; is coming B. has gone to; will come

　　C. has been to; will be D. is going to; has come

　　11. That day he ._______ his clothes before he came to see me.

　　A. has washedB. washedC. had been washing D. was washed

　　12. I haven't finished my composition.I ______ for two hours and a half.

　　A. have written it B. have been writing it

　　C. wrote it D. am writting it

　　13. I will take my daughter with me when I _____ ShangHai,

　　A. go to B. will go to C. have been to D. have gone to

　　14. This bright girl ______ the truth in front of the enemy.

　　A. didn't sayB. couldn't speak toC. said D. didn't tell

　　15. The bridge which ______ last year looks really beautiful.

　　A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built

　　16. " When ______ school begin?"" Next Monday. "

　　A. has B. does C. did D. is going to

　　17. I will ______ here till you give me some money.

　　A. leave B. not leave C. come D. return

　　18. I _____ here since I moved here.

　　A. will work B. worked C. work D. have been working

　　19. Every time I _____ there, I will buy him something nice.

　　A. went B. will go C. go D. have gone

　　20. It was said that his father ______.

　　A. has died B. died. C. has been dead D. had died

　　21. We won't go unless you ______ soon.

　　A. had come B. came C. will come D. come

　　22._____six years since I began studying English.

　　A. They have been B. it is C. It was D. There are

　　23. They ______ the Summer Palace three times.

　　A. have gone toB. have been toC. have been inD. have gone into

　　24. "How long haven't we seen each other? ""Well, it _____ nearly two years since we ______ last. "

　　A. is/have met B. was/had met C. is/met D. has been/had met

　　25. "Have you seen the art exhibition?" "No, _____ there. "

　　A. it was not being held B. they didn't hold

　　C. it had not held D. they were holding it

　　26. Don't get off the bus until it ______.

　　A. stop B. will stop C. stopped D. has stopped

　　27. "Where ______ the recorder? I can't see it anywhere." "I _____ it right here. But now it's gone. "

　　A. did you put/have put B. have you put/put

　　C. had you put/was putting D. were you putting/have put

　　28. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years since I ______ a good drink.

　　A. had enjoyed B. was enjoyingC. enjoyed D. had been enjoying

　　29. Don't come tonight. I would rather you _____ tomorrow.

　　A. come B. came C. will come D. coming

　　30. ______ you ______?

　　A. Do/marry B. Have/marriedC. Have/been marriedD. Are/married

　　31. When he ______ all the newspapers, he'll go home.

　　A. sells B. has sold C. will have sold D. will be sold

　　32. "This cloth _____well and _____ long. ""Ok. I'll take it. "

　　A. washes/lasts B. is washed/lastedC. washes/is lasted D. is washing/lasting

　　33. "Hurry up, you ______ on the phone. " "Oh, I'm coming. Thank you. "

　　A. are wanted B. are being wanted C. want D. are wanting

　　34. I ______ see you, but I didn't, for I had no time.

　　A. had wanted toB. has wanted toC. wantedD. was wanted

　　35. I ______ in Guang Zhou for six years by this October.

　　A. have lived B. was living C. will be living D. shall have lived

　　36. By this time next year he ______ from the college.

　　A. will be graduating B. should be graduating

　　C. will have graduated D. is graduating

　　37. Our teacher told us that the earth _____ from west to east.

　　A. turns B. turn C. has turned D. had turned

　　38. My brother _____ while he _____ his bicycle and hurt himself.

　　A. fell/was ridingB. fell/were riding

　　C. had fallen/rodeD. had fallen/was riding

　　39. Bill said he ____ twenty-one the next year.

　　A. was going to beB. was about to beC. could beD. was to be

　　40. It is high time you _____ in bed now.

　　A. are B. were C. will be D. would be

　　41. After a while an agreement _____.

　　A. was arrived atB. was arrived in C. was arrivedD. has been arrived

　　42. The air liner from Beijing _____ at 3:00 p.m.

　　A. is about to arrive B. has arrived C. arrives D. is going to arrive

　　43.______,that step is not safe!

　　A. Look around B. Look upC. Look out D. Look down

　　44. "Have you _____ him to give up smoking?" "No. I _____, but he wouldn't listen."

　　A. persuaded/triedB. tried/persuadedC. tried/triedD. persuaded/persuaded

　　45. The research laboratory is going to ______ the new type of computer to use.

　　A. take B. make C. put D. send

　　46. I don't know when he ______, but when he ______, I'll let you know.

　　A. will come/comesB. comes/will comeC. comes/comes D. will come/will come

　　47. How much do you think that vase _____?

　　A. is cost B. used C. was paid for D. cost

　　48. I _____ that he would be able to leave tomorrow, but it's beginning to look diffcult.

　　A. hopeB. had hopedC. hopedD. am hoping

　　49. "Come on, Peter, I want to show you something."

　　"Oh, how nice of you, I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift."

　　A. never think/are goingB. never thought/ were going

　　C. didn't think/ are goingD. hadn't thought/ were going

　　50. It's a nice flat, but it _____ a proper bathroom.

　　A. haven't gotB. hasn't gotC. wouldn't getD. doesn't have got

　　51. She had a shock when she heard the news, _____?

　　A. hadn't sheB. didn't sheC. wouldn't sheD. won't she

　　52. This liquid _____ the salt at room temperature.

　　A. became mixed withB. was mixed by

　　C. mixes withD. has been mixing by

　　

　　动词时态和语态（2）

　　一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。

　　1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.

　　2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then. (2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn't know that she had been to London twice. (3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn't know when they would have a rest. (4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. (5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.

　　二、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。

　　 1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。

　　 2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的

　　基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:(1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般将来时: When will the work be finished? (4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day. (5)现在进行时：

　　Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)过去进行时：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)现在完成时：The work hasn't been finished yet. (8)过去完成:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.

　　3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：（1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，如：Paper was first made in China. （2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.

　　4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：（1）将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时，可按下列步骤进行：①先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语；②再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词；③最后在被动语态之后加介词by，并将主动结构的主语放在by之后（经常被省略），构成介词短语；④由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时，要注意被动语态动词中助动词be的各种形式变化，因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词be不同的形式来表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（２）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Ｉwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night. （３）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.（４）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. →The children are always taken good care of. （５）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday.（６）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off.

　　

　　练习二、动词时态与语态（2）

　　53. An exhibition of paintings ____ at the museum next week.

　　 A. are to be held B. is to be held C. are holding D. will hold

　　54. I'm sorry, sir. Your recorder isn't ready yet. It _____ in the factory.

　　 A. is being repaired B. is repaired C. has been repaired D. hasn't repaired

　　55. Every possible means , but none prove successful.

　　 A. has tried B. has been tried C. is being tried D. tried

　　56. _______ that they can pass the written exam this time.

　　 A. That is hoped B. It is hoped C. That hopes D. It hopes

　　57. My little sister has broken my watch.---- My watch _____ by my little sister.

　　 A. is broken B. has broken C. have been brokenD. has been broken

　　58. He was cleaning his room when I entered the house.

　　 ---- His room _____ by him when I entered the room.

　　 A. was being cleaned B. was cleaned C. was being cleaning D. has been cleaned

　　59. I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time.

　　---- This novel _____ reading (by me) by dinner time.

　　 A. will have finished . B. will has been finished

　　 C. will have being finished D. will have been finished

　　60. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. ----These three rooms ______ (by you).

　　 A. are oughted to keep clean B. ought to kept clean

　　 C. ought to be kept clean D. ought to have been kept clean

　　61. You are about to write a poem, aren't you?---- A poem _____ (by you), _____ ?

　　 A. is about to be written, aren't you B. is about to be writing, isn't it

　　 C. is about to be writing, aren't you D. is about to be written, isn't it

　　62. She had better leave a note to him. ---- A note _____ to him (by her).

　　 A. had better left B. had be better left C. had better be left D. had better been left

　　63. He doesn't do his homework every day. ---- His homework ______ by him every day.

　　 A. doesn't be doneB. aren't done C. don't be done D. isn't done

　　64. We must take care of our parents when they are old. ---- Our parents ______ when they are old.

　　 A. must be taken care B. must be took cars C. must take care of D. must be taken care of

　　65. People look down upon him because he is a liar. ---- He _____ because he is a liar.

　　 A. is looked down B. is looked down upon C. looks down upon D. looks down

　　66. Father will give me a dictionary on my birthday.

　　 ---- A dictionary ______ me by Father on my birthday.

　　 A. shall be given to B. will give C. shall give to D. will be giving to

　　67. We elected her leader.---- She by us.

　　 A. is elected leader B. was leader elected C. was elected leader D. leader was elected

　　68. ---- People who live along this road receive their mail in these boxes.

　　---- Why are all of the______?

　　 A. grey painted mailboxesB. mailboxes grey painted

　　C. mailboxes painted greyD. painted grey mailboxes

　　69. I saw him enter the room.---- He ______ the room.

　　 A. is seen enter B. is seen to enter C. was seen to enter D. was seen enter

　　70. The question asked by him is hard _____ .

　　 A. to answer B. to be answered C. to be answering D. for answer

　　71. How sweet the music ______!

　　 A. sounds to be B. is sounded C. is sounded to be D. sounds

　　72. In warm weather fruit and meat ______ long.

　　 A. don't keep B. cannot be kept C. are not kept D. are not keeping

　　73. He received a telegram ___ "Mother Sick."

　　 A. written B. said C. reading D. writing

　　74. The classroom ______ 30 feet long.

　　 A. measures B. is measured C. has D. has length

　　75. Do you remember ______ ?

　　 A. how it is done B. it how to be done C. How is it done by D. how to do

　　76. to have been rich.

　　 A. They say B. It is said C. He is said D. That was said

　　77. Mathematics is difficult ______.

　　 A. to learn B. for learning C. to be learned D. of learning

　　78. My hair is so long that I must go to a barber's shop and______.

　　 A. have to cut it B. have it cut C. get it to be cut D. to cut it

　　79. The pencil ______ well.

　　 A. writes B. is written C. was written D. writing

　　80. ---- I can't see the blackboard very well. ---- Perhaps you need ______.

　　 A. to examine your eyes B. to have your eyes examined

　　 C. to have examined your eyes D. to be examined your eyes

　　81. ---- Where is the coffee table? ---- Tom just had it ____ away.

　　 A. move B. moving C. moved D. moves

　　82. Good medicine ______ to the mouth.

　　 A. tastes bitter B. tastes bitterly C. is tasted bitter D. is tasted bitterly

　　83. Which girl won the prize?_____

　　 A. By which girl is the prize won? B. Which girl was the prize won?

　　 C. By which girl did she win the prize? D. By which girl was the prize won?

　　84. --- Where did you get that handsome picture? ---- It was _____ by my father.

　　 A. given for us B. a gift to us C. given to us D. a gift for us

　　85. A young hen is ______ a chicken.

　　 A. named B. known C. spelled D. called

　　86. ---- How does Alma like her new work? ---- She ______ with the hour.

　　 A. can't satisfy B. isn't satisfied C. doesn't satisfy D. hasn't satisfied

　　87. ---- Why do you call your son Mouse? ---- He wants ______ by the name.

　　 A. to call B. to be called C. to be calling D. being called

　　88. His idea, though good, needs ______ out.

　　 A. being tried B. to try C. tried D. to be tried

　　89. The man living in the next door is known _____the police.

　　 A. with B. to C. by D. of

　　90. Cotton is first made ______ thread and then it was woven ______ cloth.

　　 A. up of, up of B. into, into C. of, of D. from, from

　　91. ______ here last night.

　　 A. Something strange was happened B. Strange something was happened

　　 C. Something strange happened D. Strange something happened

　　92. ---- I'd like to buy that coat. ---- I'm sorry, _____.

　　 A. it was sold B. it's selling C. it's been sold D. it had been sold

　　93. Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but_____.

　　 A. man did not put it to use in war two hundred years liter

　　 B. until two centuries more it was used in war

　　 C. not used in war until two hundred years later

　　 D. in war did not use it two hundred years afterwards

　　94. The five-year-old girl by her parents.

　　 A. is looked B. has looked for C. is being looked for D. has been looked

　　练习一、1~5 CCBCB 6~10 ABCAB 11~15 CBADA 16~20 BBDCD 21~25 DBBCA

　　26~30 DBABD 31~35 BAAAD 36~40 CAAAB 41~45 ACCAC 46~50 ADBBB

　　51~52 BC

　　练习二、53~55 BAB 56~60 BDADC 61~65 DCDDB 66~70 ACCCA 71~75 DACAA

　　76~80 CABAB 81~85 CADCD 86~90 BBDBB 91~94 CCCC

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