一、不定式

1.不定式做主语

(1)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表明人的性情行为特征的描述词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：

absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如：

Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.

It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.

(2)不定式做主语补足语：

掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。留意不定式表明的动作产生的时刻，并选用相应方法。如：

be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth.

2.不定式做宾语

掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：

afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture。如：

Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.

3.不定式做定语

(1)被润饰的名词前有序数词、描述词第一流或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女人

(2)假如其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：

tendency to do→tend to do, decision to do→decide to do

This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.

(3)假如其描述词方法要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：

ambition to do “干……的雄心”→be ambitious to do“有雄心干……”

curiosity to do “对……的好奇心”→be curious to do“对……好奇”

ability to do“做……的才能”→able to do“有才能做……”

According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’ ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.

(4)表明方法、原因、时刻、时机、权力等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包含：

way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (运动)，effort等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.

We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.

(5)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：

Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.

4.不定式做状语

不定式做状语首要表明意图程度、成果、方法。

(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结构引导意图状语，so as to不能置于句首。如：

(2)so…as to, such…as to, enough…to, too…to结构做程度状语。如：

The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.

The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.

(3)不定式做成果状语只能呈现在语句的结束，表明不愉快的成果，有时用only加强口气。

常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如：

Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked.

(4)not/never too… to, too… not to, but/only too…to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表明必定含义。如：

I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的音讯，我太高兴了。

二、动名词

1.有必要接动名词做宾语的动词

紧记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：

acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, confess, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如：

I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.

2.动名词做介词短语

考生特别要辨认下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：

object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, prefer…to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。

三、时态、语态

时态、语态需求掌握的要害：

1.表达将来时的方法：

(1)在时刻、条件、退让从句中，一般现在时替代将来时，但要留意差异从句的类型，如：

I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告知他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)

比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告知他。(状语从句)

(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时替代将来时，如：

See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.

(include 不能用will include或其他方法)

2.完结时是时态测验的要点，留意与完结时连用的句型和时刻状语：

(1)by/between/up to/till +曩昔时刻、since、by the time/when +表明曩昔产生状况的从句，主句用曩昔完结时。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.

Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.

(表明1919年时已产生的状况)

(2)by +将来时刻、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完结时。如：

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.

I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.

(3)by now、since +曩昔时刻、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或详细数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完结时, 但在it is +详细时刻since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不必完结时。如：

The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.

It is four years since John left school.

(4)在It is the +序数词/描述词第一流+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完结时。如：

It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.

(5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…句型中，主句常用曩昔完结时。

3.完结进行时指动作在完结时的基础上还要继续下去。如：

The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.

时态、语态答题思路：

(1)先依据选项的差异点确认考题要害为时态，然后回到题句中寻觅给出的或暗示的时刻状语，缩小挑选规模，进而选出正确答案;

(2)依据谓语动词与语句主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的联系，确认语句是自动语态仍是被迫语态。

四、分词

分词起描述词和副词的效果，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚：

● 现在分词表明自动，表明动作在进行。

● 曩昔分词表明被迫，表明动作完毕了的状态或成果。

1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与曩昔分词的差异

分词短语做定语相当于省掉了的定语从句，考生应掌握：

(1)现在分词与被润饰词之间具有自动含义。如：

It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place...)

There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave...)

How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?

(相当于How many of us who will attend...)

(2)曩昔分词与被润饰词之间具有被迫含义。如：

Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (相当于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)

Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. (相当于…each new phone which is added to…)

The author gave a detailed deion based on his personal observation of nature.

(相当于…deion which was based on…)

(3)下列不及物动词也以曩昔分词方法做定语或表语，但不具有被迫含义：

deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。如：

an escaped prisoner一个逃犯 a retired worker一位退休工人

a faded curtain一个褪了色的窗帘 a newly arrived student一个新来的学生

2.分词做状语，留意差异分词的一般式与完结式

(1)表明时刻，多置于句首，留意假如分词表明的动作的时刻先于谓语动词，要用完结式。如：

Having completed one task, we started on another one. (complete先于start之前产生)

(2)表明原因，置于句首句尾均可，依据状况有时要用完结式，有时用一般式。如：

He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.

There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.

(3)表明随同、方法，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：

Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.

Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world.

(4)表明成果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.

(5)表明补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The article opens and closes with deions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.

Ford tried spaniding the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.

3.分词的独立主格结构

分词的逻辑主语一般为语句的主语，不然分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构仅仅语句的一个部分。如：

All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.

Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.

五、非谓语动词的其他考点

1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都能够，但在意思上有差异的动词的用法

mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 计划(做某事)

mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing主张(做某事)

forget to do忘记(要做的事) remember to do记得(要做某事)

forget doing忘记(已做的事) remember doing记得(已做过的事)

go on to do继而(做另一件事) stop to do停下来去做另一件事

go on doing继续(做原来的事) stop doing中止正在做的事

regret to do(对将要做的事)惋惜 regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔

2.不定式的习惯用法

句型：cannot help but do cannot but do

cannot choose but do can do nothing but do

have no choice/alternative but to do

上述句型的意思挨近，即“不得不做”、“不由做”、“情不自禁地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如：

Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.

When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.

3.动名词的习惯用法

句型：be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.

It’s no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.

spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.

cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth.

I know it isn’t important but I can’t help thinking about it.

Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them.

There is no use crying over spilt milk.

4.there be 非谓语动词的用法

(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：

The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)

(2)做意图状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其他状语用there being。如：

For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present. (for there to be…在句中做意图状语)

It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.

(for there to be…在句中做程度状语)

There being no further questions, we’ll stop here today. (there being…做原因状语)

(3)引导主语用for there to be。如：It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.

(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。如：

He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.

六、神态动词

留意神态动词完结式的用法有两方面的含义：

1.表明现已产生的状况

(1)must have +曩昔分词，表明对已产生状况的必定推测，译为“(昨日)必定……”。如：

My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”

(2)can’t/couldn’t have +曩昔分词，表明对已产生状况的否定推测，译为“(昨日)必定没……”。 如：

Mary couldn’t have received my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.

(3)may/might have +曩昔分词，表明对已产生的工作做不必定、可能性很小的推测，或现实上底子没产生，译为“或许……”。如：At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.

2.表明虚拟口气

(1)needn’t have+曩昔分词，表明做了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要……”。如：

As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn’t have dressed up so formally.

(2)should /should not have +曩昔分词，表明应该做某事但实际上未做，或本不应该做但实际上做了, 译为“本(不)应该……”。如：I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.

(3)ought to have+曩昔分词，表明动作按理该产生了，但实际上未产生，译为“该……”，与should的完结式含义相似。如：

The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.

(4)could have+曩昔分词，表明曩昔本来能够做但却未做，译为“完全能够……”。如：

What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.

(5)may/might have + 曩昔分词，表明曩昔能够做但实际未做，译为“(那样)或许会……”。如：

It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.

3.几个神态动词常考的句型

(1)may/might (just) as well“不妨，最好”，与had better相近。如：

Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.

(2)cannot/can’t…too… “越……越好，怎么也不过分”。留意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如：

You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.

The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.

(3)usedn’t或didn’t use to为used to (do)的否定式。

(4)should 除了“应该”一层意思外，大纲还规定要掌握其“居然”的意思。如：

I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that.

七、虚拟口气

1.主从句谓语动词的时态

(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范调配:

主句

从句

与现在现实相反

would/神态动词曩昔式+do

were (不分人称)/did

与曩昔现实相反

would/神态动词曩昔式+have done

had done

与将来现实相反

would/神态动词曩昔式+do

should do / were to do

如：If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.

There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise.

(2)差异主从句表明的不同时刻概念：

主从句谓语动词所指时刻不同，这叫做错综时刻条件句，动词方法应依据实际状况来调整。如：

Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.

(主句与现在现实相反，从句与曩昔现实相反)

Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.

(主句与现在现实相反，从句与曩昔现实相反)

(3)辨认现实和假定混合句：

Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. (语句前半部分为假定状况，而“父母病了”是现实)

I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. (前半部分为假定，后半部分是现实)

2.名词性从句的虚拟方法

名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表明虚拟。考生应了解：

(1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟方法：

desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如：

In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.

I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.

(2)下列描述词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟方法：

advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如：

The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.

It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.

(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟方法：

insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如：

John Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.

They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.

3.宛转虚拟条件句的谓语动词方法

宛转虚拟口气是指假定条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应了解：

(1)连词but, but that, or, or else;副词otherwise, unfortunately等表明转折假定。如：

A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.

Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened; otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a stupid remark.

(2)介词短语暗含假定条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：

But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.

(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were +不定式完结式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished

+不定式一般式暗示虚拟口气。如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.

(4)神态动词完结式暗示虚拟口气。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.

4.常用虚拟方法的句型

(1)从句中动词用曩昔式或曩昔完结式表明虚拟的句型：

would rather would as soon as though suppose…

had rather would sooner as if supposing…

If only… It is (high) time that…(从句中动词只用曩昔式)

如：His wife would rather they didn’t talk about the matter any more.

I’d rather you went by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.

If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.

My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.

(2)If it were not for… (与现在现实相反)

If it had not been for… (与曩昔现实相反) 相当于but for。如：

If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.

(3)If only…谓语动词视状况选用适当的方法。如：

If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.

(4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：

The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.

(5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导退让虚拟从句，这种用法常常选用倒装结构。如：

Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.

The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

八、描述词、副词及其比较级

1.描述词的句法功用

描述词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应留意：

(1)以 “a” 最初的描述词如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前置定语，可做表语或后置定语。

(2)某些以副词词缀 “-ly” 结束的词是描述词，如friendly, leisurely, lovely等。

(3)下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，留意用做系动词时，要求描述词做表语：remain, keep, become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。

2.考比较级时，考生应掌握

(1)描述词和副词比较级的方法是否和比较连词对应呈现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：

Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.

On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.

(2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。如：

The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half that of last year’s.

Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.

(3)比较级的润饰语如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，还有表明倍数比较的词等，他们的方位是：润饰语+as…as…, 或润饰语+more…than…。如：

Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.

“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?” “No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.”

(4)下列词和短语不必比较级方法却表明比较概念：

inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，junior，preferable，differ from，compared with，in comparison with，different from，rather than。如：Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market.

3.第一流方法应留意的问题

比较级方法表明第一流含义时，比较目标的规模应用：

any other +奇数名词

the other +复数名词

the others

anyone/anything else

上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成第一流含义的要害词语，切不可遗漏，不然会形成逻辑混乱的过错。如不能说：John runs faster than anyone.留意与汉语表达的不同。

4.有关比较级的特殊句型

(1)not so much…as…与其说……不如说……

The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.

(2)no/not any more…than…两者相同都不……The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.

There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.

(3)no /not any less…than…两者相同都……She is no less beautiful than her sister.

(4)just as…so….正如……，……也……(用倒装结构)Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.

九、代词

1.与所指代的名词在性、数、格上是否共同

如：Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.

It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.

2.that的指代效果

that指代不可数名词和奇数可数名词(如是复数，用those)，后边一般跟有润饰语，如呈现在比较结构中的that of。如：Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.

No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

3.one的指代效果

one指代不确指的奇数可数名词，复数为ones。the one 指代确指的奇数可数名词。如：

A good writer is one who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.

十、主谓共同问题

1.主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构润饰，所以间隔较远，考生易误认主语。如：

The amount of pressure which the materials are subject to affects the quality of the products.

2.联系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词共同。如：

Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.

There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.

3.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用奇数。如：

Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her.

To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.

4.主语带有(together/along)with, such as, as well as, accompanied by, including, rather than等附加成分, 谓语的数不受附加成分的影响。如：

The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.

5.表明时刻、间隔、金额、分量、面积、体积、容积等衡量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用奇数。

6.某些固定结构中谓语的数：

a great many + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数

many a + 可数名词奇数 谓语用奇数

a number of +可数名词复数 谓语用复数

the number of +可数名词复数 谓语用奇数

the majority of +可数名词复数 谓语用复数

each/every +可数名词奇数 谓语用奇数

neither/either of +可数名词复数 谓语用奇数

more than one +可数名词奇数 谓语用奇数

one and a half +可数名词复数 谓语用奇数

the greater part of / a large proportion of / 50% of / one third of / plenty of / the rest of

谓语的数与of后边的名词共同

十一、平行结构

1.留意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法方法上是否相同。如：

It is better to die on one’s feet than to live on one’s knees.

Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.

2.其他具有并排或比较含义的短语。

(1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并排连词，但在结构上衔接两个语法方法相同的成分。如：

We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style.

For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.

(2)假如平行的两个成分在方法上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省掉。如：

At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.

十二、倒装结构

1.下列否定词及含有否定含义的词组润饰状语时，若置于句首，语句的主谓要部分倒装

never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in no way, no longer, no less, no more, no sooner than, under no circumstances, in vain, still less。如：

Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.

Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.

2.以only润饰状语最初的语句，语句的主谓要部分倒装

Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.

3.以下列副词或短语最初的语句，语句的主谓要部分倒装

often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point，many a time。如：

So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

4.以下列副词最初的语句，语句的主谓要悉数倒装

(1)出于修辞需求，表明方向的副词：out, down, in, up, away, on。如：

Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.

(2)出于习惯用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then。如：

Now is your turn. There goes the bell.

5.退让从句的倒装

(1)as引导退让状语从句，有必要选用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被着重的内容置于句首。如：

Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.

(2)呈现在句型be+主语+其他, come what may中。如：

Our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge-be it scientific or artistic.

The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

Come what may, I’ll be on your side.

6.比较从句的倒装

as, than引导的比较从句中，假如主语是名词短语且较长，常常选用倒装结构(不倒装也能够)。留意：这种结构主语一般为名词，假如是代词则不倒装。如：

Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.

Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.

十三、复合句--描述词性(定语)从句

1.特别要留意whose的用法

whose在从句中做定语，润饰名词。所以，假如联系代词后边紧接的是名词，且联系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语，那么，这个联系代词就应该是whose。如：

2.介词 + which的用法

假如从句中主宾成分齐全，考生便可考虑联系代词是否在从句中做状语，而状语一般用介词短语充当，于是能够得知，联系代词前面应有介词，再剖析所给的选项，依据与名词的调配作出正确挑选。如：

We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.

3.as 与which用作联系代词的差异

(1)as与the same, such, so, as等相关运用。如：As the forest goes, so goes its animal life.

(2)as和which都能够引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的方位比较灵敏，可呈现在句首、句中、句末，而which只能呈现在句末，特别是当先行词是整个语句时。如：

As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes.

As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.

常见的这类结构有：as has been said before, as has been mentioned above, as can be imagined, as is known to all, as has been announced, as can be seen from these figures, as might/could be expected, as is often the case, as has been pointed out, as often happens, as will be shown等。

4.联系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的差异

(1)假如联系代词在从句中做宾语，用that, which都能够，而且能够省掉;

(2)先行词是不定代词anything, nothing, little, all, everything时，联系代词用that;

(3)先行词由描述词第一流或序数词润饰或由next，last, only, very润饰时，用that;

(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导;

(5)联系代词前面假如有介词，只能用which。

5.but做联系代词，用于否定句，相当于who…not, that…not

这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定含义的词。如：

There are few teachers but know how to use a computer.

There is no complicated problem but can be solved by a computer.

十四、复合句--副词性(状语)从句

副词在句中起状语效果，故假如起状语效果的部分为一个语句，那么该句就是副词性从句，也称状语从句。状语从句可细分为：时刻、地址、条件、原因、退让、意图成果、比较、方法等。

状语从句的测验要点为：考查考生对主从句之间逻辑含义联系的掌握，看其是否能挑选正确的从属连词。

1.条件状语从句的常考知识点

(1)if与unless的用法。

if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词，考生应特别留意unless的用法，由于它表明反面条件，相当于if not“假如不”、“除非”。如：

In debating, one must correct the opponent’s facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that what he presents as proof, if relevant, is sufficient.

(2)复合连词as long as，so long as，as far as，on condition that，in the event that;动词及分词provided(that)，providing(that)，given that, suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引导条件状语从句。如：

You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.

Assuming he is diligent in his studies at ordinary times, he is sure to pass the test.

In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her. (假如……)

You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank. (假如……)

Suppose it rained, we would still go. (假如……)

Say it were true, what would you do about it? (假如……)

(3)祈使句表明条件。如：Dress warmly, or else you’ll catch cold.

Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.

2.退让状语从句的常考知识点

(1)as 引导退让从句，要求用倒装结构，把着重的部分置于句首。如：

Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.

Humble as it may be, there is no place like home.

(2)while引导退让从句。如:

Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn’t cheat under any circumstances.

(3)复合衔接词for all that和分词granting/granted(that)引导退让从句。如:

Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.

For all that computers can provide us with great help, they shouldn’t be seen as substitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.

3.时刻状语从句的常考知识点

(1)before表明汉语的 “只要/有必要……才能”。如:

New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.

(2)when引导时刻从句时，假如呈现在后半句，则表明“这/那时突然”。如：

I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard the voices.

(3)when it comes to 是习惯用法，意为“当谈到……时”。如：

Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.

(4)名词短语、介词短语each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time起连词效果。如:

I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.

My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”

Mercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one.

(5)副词directly, immediately, instantly, now引导时刻从句, 相当于as soon as。如:

The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm.

4.原因状语从句的常考知识点

(1)in that引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是由于”、“就在于”。如:

Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.

Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.

(2)now that表明 “既然” ; seeing that, considering表明“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如:

Now that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once.

He did poorly in the examinations, considering how hard he had tried for them.

Seeing that she is lawfully old enough to get married, I don’t think you can stop her.

其他引导原因状语从句的衔接词语还有: for the (simple) reason that, by reason that, on the grounds that, in as much as, in so far as等。

5.while, whereas 引导对比从句

如: While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade, violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.

A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, whereas he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.

6.so…that…, with the result that, so much so that 引导成果状语从句

如: Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them.

He himself believed in freedom, so much so that he would rather die than live without it.

7.in order that, in case, for fear that, lest (用虚拟口气) 引导意图状语从句

如: Give me your telephone number, in case I need your help.

Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what John wanted.

8.where作为衔接副词的一种用法, 翻译为“在……当地”

如: In Japan, a person’s capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty. Where there is willingness and intelligence, there is a place within the company to try and to succeed.

十五、复合句--名词性从句

一个语句起名词的效果，在句中做主语、宾语/介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个语句就是名词性从句。

1.what/whatever的用法

考生应掌握：what是联系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个效果。如：

They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.

(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)

Water will continue to be what it is today-next in importance to oxygen.

(what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语)

2.whoever和whomever的差异

whoever和whomever相当于anyone who，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语仍是做宾语。如：

They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first. (whoever在从句中做主语)

3.有关同位语从句的问题

(1)引导词一般为that, 但有时因名词内容的需求，也可由whether及衔接副词why, when, where,how引导。that不表明任何含义，其他词表明时刻、地址、原因等。如：

The problem, where I will have my college education, at home or abroad, remains untouched.

(2)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，留意辨认。如：

Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的差异

(1)主语从句只能用whether引导;

(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的必定式，而if引导的从句能够有否定式;

(3)whether or not能够连在一起用，而if or not则不能，or not只能放在句末;

(4)whether能够引导介词宾语从句，if则不能;

(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导;

(6)在question, ask后边一般只用whether，question的同位语从句也用whether引导;

(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。

5.动词believe, expect, fancy, imagine, suppose, think后的宾语从句如为否定式，一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上。